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benzalkonium chloride  (Valiant Co Ltd)
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Biocides (antiseptics and disinfectants) utilized in this work.
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benzalkonium chloride (bac, 0.05  (Shanghai Macklin Biochemical)
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benzalkonium chloride hyamine® 1622  (Lonza)
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benzalkonium chloride  (Merck & Co)
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benzallonium chloride osvan  (Nihon Pharmaceutical CO)
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benzalkonium chloride  (Synopharm GmbH)
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Biocides (antiseptics and disinfectants) utilized in this work.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocide-Induced Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.640923

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biocides (antiseptics and disinfectants) utilized in this work.

Article Snippet: Benzalkonium chloride (MP Biomedicals), hydrogen peroxide (Macron), peracetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium hypochlorite (Sigma-Aldrich), glutaraldehyde (Amresco), chlorhexidine (Aldrich), chlorhexidine gluconate (Spectrum), and povidone-iodine (Sigma) stock solutions were prepared by dilution in sterile, demineralized water.

Techniques:

Mutations selected by the adaptive laboratory evolution of E. coli in biocides in strains cross-resistant to antibiotics. The systems and processes of the E. coli cell, which exhibited mutations after ALE in biocides, are shown in bold. The evolved strains cross-resistant to at least one antibiotic are represented inside dashed rectangles, which point to the gene or gene region with a detected mutation; for a complete list of mutations, see . The strains glu 2b, glu 1a, and xid 2b had only mutations not previously associated to antibiotic resistance (there is no precise mechanism reported in the literature), and the gene functions in the cell ( ; ; ; ; ; ) are indicated for reference. Xid, chlorhexidine; pov, povidone-iodine; phe, chlorophene; benz, benzalkonium chloride; glu, glutaraldehyde.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Biocide-Induced Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.640923

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mutations selected by the adaptive laboratory evolution of E. coli in biocides in strains cross-resistant to antibiotics. The systems and processes of the E. coli cell, which exhibited mutations after ALE in biocides, are shown in bold. The evolved strains cross-resistant to at least one antibiotic are represented inside dashed rectangles, which point to the gene or gene region with a detected mutation; for a complete list of mutations, see . The strains glu 2b, glu 1a, and xid 2b had only mutations not previously associated to antibiotic resistance (there is no precise mechanism reported in the literature), and the gene functions in the cell ( ; ; ; ; ; ) are indicated for reference. Xid, chlorhexidine; pov, povidone-iodine; phe, chlorophene; benz, benzalkonium chloride; glu, glutaraldehyde.

Article Snippet: Benzalkonium chloride (MP Biomedicals), hydrogen peroxide (Macron), peracetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium hypochlorite (Sigma-Aldrich), glutaraldehyde (Amresco), chlorhexidine (Aldrich), chlorhexidine gluconate (Spectrum), and povidone-iodine (Sigma) stock solutions were prepared by dilution in sterile, demineralized water.

Techniques: Mutagenesis